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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Related Diseases (COVID-19) is now one of the most challenging and concerning epidemics, which has been affecting the world so much. After that, countries around the world have been actively developing vaccines to deal with the sudden disease. How to carry out more efficient epidemic prevention has also become a problem of our concern. Unlike traditional SIR disease transmission models, network percolation has unique advantages in disease immune modelling, which makes it closer to reality in the simulation. This article introduces the study of SIR percolation network on infection probabilities of COVID-19, and proposes a method to preventing the spread of disease. © 2022 IEEE.
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Objective We aimed to review the data available to explore prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection in the real world. Methods We searched observational cohort studies and case-control studies that described the SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI and WanFang Data from inception to 11 Dec 2022. Studies, data extracted and quality assessed were selected according to strict inclusion exclusion criteria. All analyses were using Stata version 16.0. Results A total of 24 studies were included, involving 78 635 cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and 6 616 869 cases of SARS-CoV-2 primary infection. In cases after the primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, the pooled prevalence of reinfection was 2.06% (95% CI: 1.73% – 2.40%). Compared with other age groups, the secondary infection rate was higher in those aged 40 – < 50 years 2.97% (95% CI: −1. 20%–7 14%) and 50–<60 years 2. 32% (95% CI: –0.74%–5.38%). In vaccination status group, the pooled prevalence was 5.47% (95% CI: 1.99%–8.95%) in unvaccinated cases, 1.85% (95% CI: 1.63%–2.08%) for those received partial COVID-19 vaccination, and 1.11% (95% CI: 0.34%–1.89%) for those received fully vaccination. In addition, the pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was 6.02% (95% CI: 5.67%–6. 37%) in the health care workers. Conclusions There is a risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, but the results of this global real-world meta-analysis showed that the rate of reinfection is not high. It is recommended to scientifically understand the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, strengthen public health education, maintain healthy habits, and reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. © 2023, Publication Centre of Anhui Medical University. All rights reserved.
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Due to the close production link between clean energy and non-ferrous metals, their price and market dynamics can easily affect one another through production costs. Furthermore, with the increased financialization of clean energy and non-ferrous metals markets, investment risk can easily spread between them. Therefore, this paper intends to explore the risk contagion between the two markets through the spillover index model and the minimum spanning tree (MST) method. Employing the data collected in China, this paper quantifies the magnitude of risk transfer by the volatility spillovers of eight clean energy stock markets as identified in The Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Clean Industry Statistical Classification 2021 and the eight corresponding non-ferrous metals futures markets, while fully considering the heterogeneity between sub-markets. First, we find that risk is mainly transmitted from clean energy to non-ferrous metals. Second, this paper identifies not only the most influential market but also the shortest path of risk contagion based on the MST topology analysis. Last, the empirical results show that the COVID-19 has increased the scale of risk transmission between the two markets and their connectivity. During the COVID-19 period, the shortest path between the two markets shifted from "hydropower–gold” to "smart grid–zinc”, and the systematically influential markets correspondingly become smart grid and zinc. The results obtained in this paper might have practical implications for policymakers seeking to achieve effective risk management, which could also facilitate investors for diversification benefits. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
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Objective We aimed to review the data available to explore prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection in the real world. Methods We searched observational cohort studies and case-control studies that described the SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI and WanFang Data from inception to 11 Dec 2022. Studies, data extracted and quality assessed were selected according to strict inclusion exclusion criteria. All analyses were using Stata version 16.0. Results A total of 24 studies were included, involving 78 635 cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and 6 616 869 cases of SARS-CoV-2 primary infection. In cases after the primary SARS-CoV-2 infection, the pooled prevalence of reinfection was 2.06% (95% CI: 1.73% - 2.40%). Compared with other age groups, the secondary infection rate was higher in those aged 40 - < 50 years 2.97% (95% CI: -1. 20%-7 14%) and 50-<60 years 2. 32% (95% CI: -0.74%-5.38%). In vaccination status group, the pooled prevalence was 5.47% (95% CI: 1.99%-8.95%) in unvaccinated cases, 1.85% (95% CI: 1.63%-2.08%) for those received partial COVID-19 vaccination, and 1.11% (95% CI: 0.34%-1.89%) for those received fully vaccination. In addition, the pooled prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was 6.02% (95% CI: 5.67%-6. 37%) in the health care workers. Conclusions There is a risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, but the results of this global real-world meta-analysis showed that the rate of reinfection is not high. It is recommended to scientifically understand the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection, strengthen public health education, maintain healthy habits, and reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.Copyright © 2023, Publication Centre of Anhui Medical University. All rights reserved.
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COVID-19 has dramatically changed people's mobility patterns. This report aims to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on people's mobility through statistics and comparing the visits of POIs (Point-Of-Interests) in New York State in 2019 and 2020. The report uses data from SafeGraph, which is a data company. The raw data contains POI visits across the United States in 2019 and 2020. Considering the analysis size and difficulty of the data, POI visits from New York State are extracted for analysis, and POI locations are classified according to the tags provided by the source data. The scale of analysis is from macro to micro, and they are the total POI visits data of New York State based on different ways in 2019 and 2020, the POI visits of CBG (Census Block Group) division in New York City, and three representative POI samples to do individual analysis. The analysis methods are: (1) use line plot and bar plot statistics to compare the trends of POI visits data from 2019 to 2020, and (2) make the spatial visualization comparison, which includes grid map, scatter map, heatmap, and OD map, between the first peak of epidemic impact in the first full week of April 2019 and April 2020, and the scope is narrowed to New York City. Wherein the OD maps are drawn based on the CBG division. Compared to related work, the analysis object includes CBG, categories, and individual POI. In addition, the analysis method combines statistical graphs and spatial visualizations and explores the policy impact of the New York City government. This report adopts more multidimensional analysis methods and objects to improve the comprehensiveness and reliability of the analysis content. © 2022 IEEE.
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At present, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is still rampant worldwide.As of September 10, 2021, there were about 222 million confirmed cases of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19)and more than 4.6 million deaths worldwide.With the development of COVID-19 vaccines and the gradual vaccination worldwide, the increasing number of cases in children and unvaccinated young people has drawn attention.According to World Health Organization surveillance data, the proportion of COVID-19 infection cases in children gradually increased, and the proportion of cases in the age groups of under 5 years and 5-14 years increased from 1.0% and 2.5% in January 2020 to 2.0% and 8.7% in July 2021, respectively.At present, billions of adults have been vaccinated with various COVID-19 vaccines worldwide, and their protective effects including reducing infection and transmission, reducing severe disease and hospitalization, and reducing death, as well as high safety have been confirmed.Canada, the United States, Europe and other countries have approved the emergency COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, and China has also approved the phased vaccination of COVID-19 vaccination in children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years. For smooth advancement and implementation of COVID-19 vaccination in children, academic institutions, including National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health, and The Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association organized relevant experts to reach this consensus on COVID-19 vaccination in children.Copyright © 2021 by the Chinese Medical Association.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)infection is still worldwide.As a vulnerable group, severe and dead pediatric cases are also reported.Under this severe epidemic situation, children should be well protected.With the widespread vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in adults, the infection rate have decreased.Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine inoculation for children groups step by step is of great significance to the protection of children and the prevention and control of corona virus disease 2019(COVID-19) as a whole.But the safety of children vaccinated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is a main concern of parents.Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of vaccination and the implementation of vaccination work, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Children's Health and the Society of Pediatrics, Chinese Medical Association organized experts to interpret the main issue of parents about SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for children, in order to answer the doubts of parents.Copyright © 2021 by the Chinese Medical Association.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) was considered important by Chinese health authorities in the fight against COVID-19. This review systematically analyzed and evaluated the safety and efficacy of TCM combined with Western Medicine (WM) for the treatment of COVID-19. We sought to provide summary evidence for clinicians when using TCM. We searched for studies in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Medline, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data from database inception to June 1, 2021. Overall, 31 studies (14,579 participants) were involved in the final systematic review, including 15 randomized controlled trials and 16 observational studies. TCM combined with WM showed main outcomes of a higher clinical efficacy rate (odds ratio [OR] =2.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.90-3.24, I 2 = 4%) and lower case fatality rate (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.19-0.49, I 2 = 80%) compared with WM treatment alone. No significant overall adverse events were found between TCM plus WM group and WM group (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 0.63-2.23, I 2 = 75%). Some larger randomized control trials would assist in defining the effect of TCM combined with WM on the treatment of COVID-19 complications such as cardiac injury. TCM combined with WM may be safe and effective for the treatment of COVID-19. © 2022 Heart and Mind ;Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow.
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2019 novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV) outbreak is one of the public health emergency of international concern.Since the 2019-nCoV outbreak, China has been adopting strict prevention and control measures, and has achieved remarkable results in the initial stage of prevention and control.However, some imported cases and sporadic regional cases have been found, and even short-term regional epidemics have occurred, indicating that the preventing and control against the epidemic remains grim.With the change of the incidence proportion and the number of cases in children under 18 years old, some new special symptoms and complications have appeared in children patients.In addition, with the occurrence of virus mutation, it has not only attracted attention from all parties, but also proposed a new topic for the prevention and treatment of 2019-nCoV infection in children of China.Based on the second edition, the present consensus further summarizes the clinical characteristics and experience of children's cases, and puts forward recommendations on the diagnostic criteria, laboratory examination, treatment, prevention and control of children's cases for providing reference for further guidance of treatment of 2019-nCoV infection in children.Copyright © 2021 Chinese Medical Association
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With the purpose of risk management for fossil energy investors, this paper examines the dynamic spillover effect and asymmetric connectedness between fossil energy, green financial and major traditional financial markets in China. By employing the spillover index model of Diebold and Yilmaz, a weak correlation between green financial and fossil energy markets is verified, and the market connectedness remains relatively calm despite the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Specifically, green bonds receives fewer shocks from crude oil than coal, green stocks receive fewer shocks from coal than crude oil. In addition, rather than the safe-haven characteristics presented by gold, this paper further proves that green bonds also have the potential to act as safe-haven assets, due to the fact that the connectedness between green bonds and energy markets is at low levels. Finally, the magnitude of return spillovers between markets would vary significantly during different periods. The results obtained in this paper have practical implications for both investors and policymakers. Copyright © 2022 Deng, Guan, Zheng, Xing and Liu.
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Six new species of Zaischnopsis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) from China are described, Zaischnopsis covid Jiang & Peng sp. nov., Zaischnopsis fuscolivida Tang & Peng sp. nov., Zaischnopsis lii Jiang & Peng sp. nov., Zaischnopsis pacis Jiang & Peng sp. nov., Zaischnopsis campaniformis Tang & Peng sp. nov., and Zaischnopsis zhongi Jiang & Peng sp. nov. All the new species are described and illustrated based on females, and partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences are provided for the six new species as well as for the previously described Z. fumosa Peng & Xiang. Females of all the species of Zaischnopsis recorded from China are differentiated in a key. © 2022, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. All rights reserved.
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Because of the frequent occurrence of epidemics in Jiangnan since ancient times，the local medical schools have accumulated rich experience in epidemic prevention，among which Yushan medical school，Wumen medical school，and Qiantang medical school are famous. The physicians have inherited the theory in Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases and developed the therapies for febrile diseases. Adhering to the idea of integrating cold and febrile diseases，the physicians in Jiangnan flexibly adapt ZHANG Zhongjing's theory by combining regional climate，patient physique and other factors to explain the pathogenesis，which is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of epidemics. Therefore，traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） has demonstrated good curative effect on coronavirus disease-2019（COVID-19）in China. However，the SARS-CoV-2 variants（Delta and Omicron）characterized by strong infectivity，pathogenicity，and immune escape capacity keep emerging，which bring great challenges to the global prevention and control of this pandemic. To this end，we studied the ways of Jiangnan medical school for the prevention and treatment of epidemics， reviewed the evolution of TCM treatment protocols for COVID-19，and summarized China's experience in fighting against the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further，we explored the measures of TCM in treating SARS-CoV-2 variants from prevention，treatment，and rehabilitation according to the theory for epidemic prevention of Jiangnan medical school. This paper provides reference for the prevention and treatment of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant and facilitates the development of TCM epidemiology. © 2022, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Institute of Chinese Materia Medica. All rights reserved.
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COVID-19 pandemic and its repercussions came as a surprise to nations including China. However, the unique central governance system of the country enhanced its ability to promulgate laws and guidelines which caused rapid changes across all aspects of its development. The result from this was a swift implementation of initiatives that ensured strict safety protocols to reduce the spread of COVID-19, generated advanced analytical technological systems to control the virus, and created new markets for some new technologies. Hence, the enormous growth of 5G contributed a lot to the economic recovery of China. Given its potential shown during the pandemic, the 5G strategy was considered as the most important attempt to face the challenges in post-COVID-19 by the Chinese government. This chapter outlines some of the structures, policy outcomes, and results during the pandemic and makes recommendations for curtailing future challenges. © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Objective To explore the application pattern and mechanism of medicine and food homologous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) against modern viral diseases. Methods The method of literature mining was applied based on the characteristics of modern viral diseases, combining with ancient books and modern prescriptions for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases to build a relevant prescription database. Then SPSS and R language were used to analyze the high-frequency medicine and food homologous TCM and high confidence medicine and food homologous prescriptions in these prescriptions, and cluster analysis was carried out. The antiviral characteristic active ingredients of high-frequency medicinal and food homologous TCN were identified and analyzed, and the action mechanism of active ingredients against modern viral diseases was evaluate by network pharmacology. Results In the prevention and treatment of modern viral diseases, Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma)-Chenpi (Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium)-Fuling (Poria) had the highest confidence, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Jiegeng (Platycodonis Radix) had the highest support. At the same time, the prescriptions were clustered and analyzed to obtain Jinyinhua (Lonicerae Japonicae Flos)-Huangqi (Astragali Radix)-Huoxiang (Agastache rugosa), Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma-Xingren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum)-Poria-Platycodonis Radix-Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma)-Renshen (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma), Zisu (Perilla frutescens)-Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix), Lugen (Phragmitis Rhizoma)-Sangye (Mori Folium), Shengjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens)-Dazao (Jujubae Fructus) clustering new prescription. The core action targets of EGFR, CASP3, VEGFA, STAT3, MMP9, HSP90AA1, mTOR, PTGS2, MMP2, TLR4, MAPK14, etc were identified. The action mechanism involved human cytomegalovirus infection, coronavirus disease-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), etc. The core action pathway were phosphatidylinositol-3/kinase protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signal pathway, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway, interleukin-17 (IL-17) signal pathway, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signal pathway, etc. Conclusion Through data mining, six new prescriptions for preventing and controlling modern viral diseases were obtained, and the mechanism of action was preliminarily discussed, which provided some reference for the research and development of medicine and food homologous TCM prescriptions for the prevention and treatment of viral epidemics and related health products.
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Travel restrictions in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unprecedented decrease of 73% in global flight mileage in April-May 2020 compared to 2019. Here we examine the CALIPSO satellite observations and find a significant increase in ice crystal number concentrations (Ni) in cirrus clouds in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, which we attribute to an increase in homogeneous freezing when soot from aircraft emissions is reduced. A relatively small positive global average radiative effect of 21 mW m(-2) is estimated if a decrease in aircraft traffic continues, with an average of up to 64 mW m(-2) over the area where aviation is most active. We infer from this analysis that the worldwide adoption of biofuel blending in aircraft fuels that lead to smaller soot emissions could lead to a significant change in the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds but a rather small positive radiative effect.
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Chest X-ray has become a useful method in the detection of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Due to the extreme global COVID-19 crisis, using the computerized diagnosis method for COVID-19 classification upon CXR images could significantly decrease clinician workload. We explicitly addressed the issue of low CXR image resolution by using Super-Resolution Convolutional Neural Network (SRCNN) to effectively reconstruct high-resolution (HR) CXR images from low-resolution (LR) CXR correspondents. Then, the HRCXR images are fed into the modified capsule network to retrieve distinct features for the classification of COVID-19. We demonstrate the proposed model on a public dataset and achieve ACC of 97.3%, SEN of 97.8%, SPE of 96.9%, and AUC of 98.0%. This new conceptual framework is proposed to play a vital task in the issue facing COVID-19 and related ailments. © 2021 ACM.